Appraisal of antiretroviral herbal medicines with proven efficacy: modulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and permeability glycoprotein activities

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired syndrome (HIV/AIDS) constitutes a source of great concern to health authorities worldwide. Herbal medicinal products are used as significant treatment option for highly active antiretroviral therapies, the efficacies which negatively impacted by emergence multidrug-resistant strains recommended guidelines. This review provides an updated synopsis available documents on herbal with anti-HIV activities. Concurrent consumption conventional drugs, is often necessitated co-morbidity HIV other diseases, can potentially alter pharmacokinetics co-administered orthodox drugs. Phytochemical constituents activities were identified, and their potential mediate pharmacokinetic changes through modulation drug-metabolizing enzymes P-glycoprotein was reported. Herb-drug interactions (HDIs) that result in adverse effects also discussed documenting information therapeutic utility these clinically effective development into newer